Lung Cancer Diagnosis - How This Works

Lung Cancer Diagnosis - How This Works

 

What generates the diagnosis lung cancer? doctor evaluate the history of someone's medical, smoking, exposure of the environment and employment, and history of family cancer as well as physical and x-ray to determine the cause of the symptoms. Test-test other can also be done in accordance with the needs.

The history of the patient - if a doctor suspects lung cancer, they will: study the history of Your health; Do physical thoroughly; Ordering tests medical more special. As part of the medical history Your doctor will ask whether You smoke or don't smoke before; work and

Work; If You have been exposed to substances dangerous at work or radiation; If You have a history of family lung cancer.

Diagnosis lung cancer

This helps to find cancer in the early stages, when it can be cured with a series of tests done before the people Show all the symptoms. diagnosis early cancer or the network is abnormal proven useful to cure cancer completely defy detection when the symptoms when the cancer may have spread.

There are several ways to diagnose if a person is in the early stages lung cancer. Examination and history physical taking, physical check for signs of health or health common problems like disease and a bump that didn't used to, the mound and anything else that seems unusual. The doctor will also get a history habit of personal hygiene, any disease of the past and the treatment given to this disease.

Test laboratory: a procedure to analyze tissue samples, blood, urine, and these substances are other in the body. This test will also help to diagnose the disease, and to help in the planning, management and monitoring.

Test dahak: it can show evidence of cancer cells in the lungs. To make sure the diagnosis is more accurate with the collection of dahak single, dahak usually collected over a period of three days.

Fiber optic bronkoskopi: an examination using a tube of flexible small illuminated to pass in the birth canal nose and then got ourselves a bronco that is appropriate (airway) down to the cancer. If cancer is detected then a tiny piece of the cancer has been removed because examination of biopsy so that the exact type of cancer can be determined and given treatment appropriate.

Percutaneous biopsy needles: these checks involve the insertion needle thin through the wall of the chest and the skin to the tumour. This test is for a tumor close to the surface of the lungs and is often used in combination with the TAC to help guide the needle to the tumor.

Eksisi or surgery removal: this Process can lead to the diagnosis of an additional suspected cancer through incision small in the chest. A camcorder thin little inserted into the chest to promote the removal of the block to a small network of the lungs using stapler surgical mechanical or laser with procedure clinical.

Mediastinoscopy: this Test allows You to evaluate how widespread the cancer is by examining the middle of the chest through incision small made just below the line of the neck. A sample taken from the gland to the sap white in the middle of the chest (mediastinum). The ability to surgeries to treat lung cancer are automatically removed if the cancer has spread to the glands to the sap white.

Mediastinotomy: don't like mediastinoscopy, body cavities opened by cutting through the ribcage (sternum) and / or ribs, which allows the surgeon to reach and test the sap white by removing a sample of the sap white mediastinum. This is the test complex, and the patient should be subjected to a general anesthetic.

Thoracentesis: taken a sample of fluid that surrounds the lungs using a needle to control the cells of cancer.

Torakotomi: To test the walls of the chest ferocious, that's because it's to be opened this procedure done in the hospital as a big operation.

Thoracoscopy: A procedure using a tube of thin, berlampu connected to the camera to monitor and see the space between the lungs and the wall of the chest.

Biopsy bone marrow: a needle with a sample of bone removed is usually sized about 1/16 inch in the front and the length of 1 inch. It's often taken from the back of the hip. Microscopically, the sample was examined for cell-cancer cells. This procedure is mainly done for mendiagnosis cell small lung cancer.

Blood tests: a blood test checks to a number of specific of the different cell types show if You have anemia or problems related to others. Test chemical blood showed abnormalities in the organs and the rest of the body. Blood test repeat regularly, especially if someone is undergoing the treatment of chemotherapy. medicine chemotherapy attack cells hematopoietik in the bone marrow and sometimes causing a lot of side effects problematic. If the cancer has spread to the liver and bone, can lead to hormonal chemical a certain in the blood and exacerbate a problem that already diderita patients.

Tests and procedures to detect lung cancer other is:

Examination X-ray chest: the chest x-rays account for about half of all radiografi acquired in the hospital. X-ray is usually done to get an assessment of the lungs, the walls of the chest and heart. A rontgen chest is test first the doctor will order to look for any cancer or nodules on the lungs. If it is normal that there is a high probably there is no lung cancer, but if something suspicious is leopard, Your doctor will order tests further. Pneumonia, heart failure, emfisema, conditions other medical and lung cancer can be placed with the rontgen chest.

A CT examination or computed tomography also known as CT or CAT scan: this equipment is is to get more pictures penampang organ and tissue of the body. A CT scan is very useful for the diagnosis tumor, like a lot more detail than chest X-ray conventional. Show different types of tissue in the body, including the lungs, heart, bones, soft tissue, muscles and the blood vessels at the same time.

CT scans are modern images capture the Case from a different angle with the use of a method called spiral CT (or bent). With the help of the computer, process the image to make the image penampang or "slice" of the concern that because of the area. Images can be printed or examined on a monitor. To get a better image, after a first scan was taken of the injection intravena of agent kontras radio was given to help describe the structure in the body. A series of second picture is then taken so can be examined together.

Information about the size, shape and location of the tumor provided from the exploration of CT. It helps to detect glands the sap white dilated, which could contain the cancer, which has spread from the lungs. When You search for lung cancer early and to ensure that patients receive the care they need as soon as possible, CT scan is more sensitive than chest x-ray procedure routine. Looking for a tumor in the adrenal cortex, brain and other organs usually affected by the spread of lung cancer also useful the CT scan.

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI scans use radio waves and powerful magnetic field which is not x-rays. The energy given off by radio waves are absorbed and released again in pattern the shape of the cloth and the disease under investigation.

The pattern of radio waves given by tissues and organs to produce images of a very detailed part of the body using a computer are very sophisticated. This can also produce slices parallel with the length of the body, like the CT scanner produces slices of penampang body.

omografi emisi positron (PET): scan uses glucose, which is a form of sugar that contains an atom radioactive. a large amount of sugar radioactive absorbed by the cells the tumor and camera special then able to detect radioactivity.

To find out if someone suffering from lung cancer in the early stages of scan PET is a test that was very useful. It is often used to find out if cancer has spread to the glands to the sap white. PET scan valuable in deciding whether the shadow in the chest X-ray is cancer or not. PET scan is also useful when a doctor determines that the cancer has spread, but not sure where he can spread out.

Because the PET Scan scan Your whole body sometimes used as a substitute for some of the x-ray different. scan bone: the substance is radioactive (usually technetium diphosphonate) be injected into the vein. Substances radioactive terakumulasi in the area of the bone suspected to have a metastasis of cancer (spread). Because of the small amounts radioactivity used this does not cause the effect of the long-term.

The scan bones must be read together with the results of more tests done as the disease bone other can also cause the scan is abnormal. scan bone usually done on a patient with lung cancer cells is small, and to the person with the cell lung cancer non-small when the results of more tests or symptoms suggest the cancer has spread to the bone - diagnosis lung cancer

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Lung Cancer Causes - Pathogenesis

Lung Cancer Causes - Pathogenesis

Patogenesis lung cancer like cancer of the other, starting early diinduksi agent events of a long period promotion and progress in the process of multi steps. Smoking is started and promote karsinogenesis. The initiation done soon to change the same genetic between smokers and ex-event (z 3P removal of mutated p53), as proven. The smoke thus causing the "effect field" epitel lungs, populations of large cells starting distribution and the increase in the probability transformation. Keep exposure smoke tobacco has been allowed to accumulate mutations extra because of irritating the chronics and promoters in cigarette smoke (amount of nicotine's formalin for example., Is phenol) promotion because. The time delay between smoking and cancer, the early beginning is usually long and requires 20-25 years to the development of cancer. Reduce the risk of cancer after quitting smoking, but cells getting there can flourish. If karsinogen else continue with process.

SCLC and NSCLC were treated different, because it (i) comes from the cells are different, (ii) undergo the process of patogenesis different and (iii) to accumulate genetic mutations are different. SCLC carries frequent mutations in c-KIT, p53 and R.B., while often NSCLC, MYC, Bcl2, mutations EGFR, KRAS, CD44 and p16. This is all well onkogen or gen supresor tumor. See genetics and biology chapter cancer cancer for an explanation of how a mutation like this can cause cancer.

Similar to a lot of cancer other lung cancer begins with the activation onkogen or inaktivasi gen supresor tumor. Karsinogen causing mutation on the gene this causes the development of cancer. Mutation in K-ras proto-onkogen responsible for 10-30% of adenokarsinoma the lungs. About 4% of cancer cell lung non-small involving gene fusion EML4-ALK tyrosine kinase. Change epigenetik - like changes metilasi DNA, modification of histon tails or rules microRNA - it can cause inaktivasi gen supresor tumor. Reseptor to reseptor factor the growth of epidermal (EGFR) regulates proliferation of cells, apoptosis, angiogenesis and invasion of tumor. Mutation and amplifikasi EGFR are common in cell karsinoma lung non-small, and give the basis for treatment with inhibitor EGFR. HER2 / neu is influenced more rare. genes other that is often mutated or amplified are c-MET, NKX2-1, LKB1, PIK3CA, and BRAF. Line cells is not fully understood origin. The mechanism might include activation abnormal stem cells. In stem cells the drains breath proksimal express keratin 5 are more likely to be affected, usually causing karsinoma sel skuamosa the lungs. In the air central, the stem cells involved the club cells and the cells neuroepithelial who expressed protein cell sekretori club. Karsinoma sel small lungs that can be derived from the line cell or cell neuroendokrin and can express CD44. Metastasis of lung cancer requires transition from epitel to cell types mesenchymal. This problem can happen with the path signal activated Akt / GSK3Beta, MEK-ERK, Fas and Par6.

Lung Cancer Causes – Air Pollution

Lung Cancer Causes – Air Pollution

Air pollution caused by industry, power plants and vehicles of various types raises the likelihood of developing Lung Cancer in persons who are exposed polluted air. Approximately one-percent of the deaths from Lung Cancer are attributed to breathing polluted air. Prolonged exposure to air pollution may carry risks for developing Lung Cancer which are similar to Passive Smoking; according to experts. Air pollution can contain trace amounts of diesel exhaust, coal products, and other industrial substances.

Air pollution is a significant environmental risk factor for lung cancer. For every increase of 5 μg/m3 of particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) in the environment, the risk of lung cancer rises by 18%; for every elevation of 10 μg/m3 in PM smaller than 10 μm (PM10), the risk increases by 22% (Raaschou-Nielsen et al., 2013). Anthropogenic PM2.5 is associated with 220,000 lung cancer mortalities annually (Anenberg et al., 2010). Based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group recently classified outdoor air pollution and related PM as Group 1 carcinogenic to humans (Loomis et al., 2013). However, the carcinogenic mechanism of air pollution remains to be dissected using systematic approaches.

Air pollution is killing about 4,400 people in China every single day, according to a new study. Exposure to air pollution has many impacts across the lifespan and has now been linked to survival of patients after being diagnosed with lung cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer over the past several decades.

People most susceptible to severe health problems from air pollution are:

• Individuals with heart disease - such as coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure

• Individuals with lung disease - such as asthma, emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

• Pregnant women

• Outdoor workers

• Children under age 14, whose lungs are still developing

• Athletes who exercise vigorously outdoors

Air pollution is a major environmental issue affecting people across the world. According to the World Health Organisation(WHO), more than 2 million people worldwide die every year from air pollution. Of all the air pollutants, fine particulate matter (PM) is one of the most hazardous pollution for the human health. The particulate matter causes about 9% of lung cancer deaths worldwide, 5% of cardiopulmonary deaths and about 1% of respiratory infection deaths. According to the WHO, there is mounting evidence that concentration of particulate matter is increasing in Asia. Particulate matter mostly originates from dust storms, grassland fires, burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants, but also various industrial plants generate significant amounts of particulates. The interactive map shows that South Asia is badly hit by pollution caused by particulate matter. While Pakistan has the highest concentration of particulate matter, countries like Bangladesh, Nepal and India are placed by the WHO in a category called “unhealthy for the sensitive people”. That means people in these countries suffering from respiratory and heart disease, as well as elderly and children should limit outdoor exertion. Air pollution in China is as bad, if not worse, than in India but according to the WHO,the particulate matter concentration in China and in countries such as Myanmar, Sri Lanka, South Korea and Indonesia remains moderate. There is the least presence of particulate matter in Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Japan.

In a groundbreaking Oct. 17 announcement, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organization, classified outdoor air pollution as a known cause of lung cancer. The agency also found that particulate matter (PM), a major component of air pollution better known as “soot,” is a known cause of lung cancer.  After an extensive review of more than 1,000 scientific studies from five continents, a committee of some of the world’s leading experts on air pollution and health convened by the IARC Monographs Programme concluded that there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. Though IARC has previously evaluated the health impacts of various components of outdoor air pollution, such as diesel engine exhaust, metals, and solvents, this is the first time that outdoor air pollution in general has been classified as a cause of cancer.

High air pollution levels can cause immediate health problems:

• Aggravated cardiovascular and respiratory illness

• Added stress to heart and lungs, which must work harder to supply the body with oxygen

• Damaged cells in the respiratory system

Researchers from Berkeley Earth, a California-based climate research organization, calculated that about 1.6 million people in China die every year from health issues caused by the country’s notoriously polluted air.

“We thought that if ambient air pollution is a carcinogen that can drive lung cancer development, then exposure to air pollution in patients already diagnosed with lung cancer could promote the progression of their disease through the same biological pathways,” said Sandrah Eckel, assistant professor of preventive medicine at the Keck School of Medicine of USC and lead author of the research. Eckel and colleagues at the Keck School decided to more closely explore the question of whether lung cancer survival times might be affected by air pollution.

The particulate matter represents a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air, many of which are hazardous. These particles are either directly emitted into the air by sources such as smoke, dust, pollen, or formed in the atmosphere by transformation of emitted gases. The particulate matter can adversely affect human health and also have an impact on climate and precipitation. On the basis of size, the particulate matter is divided into two categories. The particles up to 10 micrometers in size are called PM 10 and smaller particles of 2.5 micrometer in size are called PM2.5. The WHO has measured outdoor air pollution caused by both types of the particulate matter and according to these findings, air can be contaminated by a range of different particles of which many can harm our health, especially very small particles that enter into the lungs and bloodstream and cause the most serious health problems. In Asia, like in other regions of the world, pollution caused by particulate matter is spreading to new areas. The graph, based on the data obtained from the WHO, ranks Asian countries according to the PM10 level in the air. As the data suggests, Pakistan is the most polluted country in the region in terms of particulate matter concentration in the air. It is followed by Bangladesh, India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, South Korea, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Japan.

The IARC evaluation found strong scientific evidence of an increased risk of lung cancer with increasing exposure to air pollution in general and issued a similar finding for particulate matter. Although the composition of air pollution and levels of exposure can vary dramatically between locations worldwide, the IARC conclusions apply to all regions of the world. The IARC assessment of the link between PM and lung cancer contrasts with findings from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 2009 assessment of the PM health science,  which classified the PM-lung cancer scientific evidence as only “suggestive of a causal relationship.”

Long-term exposure to polluted air can have permanent health effects:

• Accelerated aging of the lungs

• Loss of lung capacity

• Decreased lung function

• Development of diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and possibly cancer

• Shortened life span

According to the study, more than one-third of the Chinese population regularly breathe air that would be considered “unhealthy” by U.S. standards.

Their research, published this month in Thorax, shows that the length of time that lung cancer patients live after diagnosis varies depending on their exposures to regional pollution. Researchers found that the median survival for people diagnosed with early stage lung cancers who lived in areas with high levels of regional pollution was approximately three years shorter than for people who lived in areas with lower levels of pollution.

Air pollution in some Asian cities is so bad that at times, the cities are enveloped by a blanket of smog that impedes visibility. According to the WHO,air pollution has worsened in Asian cities in recent years and presents a threat to human health. In many cities the levels of fine particulate matter - a key pollutant in terms of its impact on human health - are exceeding the critical limit (as defined by the WHO), specifically in densely populated, fast-growing and less developed countries like China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Even in small Asian cities like Kathmandu, the particulate matter level exceeds the most lenient of several targets recommended by the WHO. Over the last few years, China has been in the news for heavy pollution in its cities with the skies being completely blanketed by smog. India and Pakistan, however, have the dubious distinction of having the most polluted cities in the region. If we take a look at the statistics concerning capital cities in Asia, the air pollution caused by the particulate matter is worst in Delhi. It is closely followed by Islamabad, Dhaka, Beijing and Kathmandu.

The IARC findings have significant implications for U.S. air pollution control efforts. The EPA sets air quality standards to protect public health based on assessments of the health effects of individual pollutants rather than outdoor air pollution in general.  Air pollution control rules are then developed for specific sources of these individual pollutants in order to achieve the health-based standards.

As The New York Times notes, air pollution — particularly exposure to fine airborne particles — can cause a variety of health problems, including asthma, lung cancer, heart disease and stroke. The World Health Organization said last year that 7 million people die annually because of exposure to polluted air.

“We focused on California, since there are a wide range of air pollution levels here and one of the largest and longest running air quality monitoring networks and cancer registry system in the U.S.,” Eckel said.

Air pollution is one of the main causes of premature deaths in the world. Of all major global health risks, outdoor air pollution in the form of fine particles is found to be much more dangerous for public health than previously known - contributing annually to over 2 million premature deaths worldwide. The WHO global study ranks air pollution as one of the top 10 killers in the world, with 65 percent of all air pollution deaths occurring in Asia. In 2010 alone, particulate matter pollution was the fourth-leading risk factor for deaths in China, behind high blood pressure and smoking. Across the region, increasing levels of particulate matter are causing higher numbers of premature deaths. The graph reveals the human toll due to outdoor air pollution in 2008, which is the latest comparative data available. A record number of people have died due to air pollution in the region. In the year 2008 alone, over half-million people have died in China and India. Other countries in the region have also suffered heavily from air pollution. On top of that, the future looks very bleak. By 2050, urban air pollution is estimated to cause up to 3.6 million premature deaths worldwide each year, mostly in China and India.

However, in the real world, we are exposed to a toxic soup of various different air pollutants and chemical mixtures, which interact and combined can have a greater health impact than each of the individual components. This concept was recognized more than 40 years ago and incorporated by Congress into the Clean Air Act of 1970, which provides the foundation of today’s air pollution control efforts. In providing instruction to EPA for developing air pollutant health assessments, Congress expressly required EPA to consider “the types of air pollutants which, when present in the atmosphere, may interact with such pollutant to produce an adverse effect on public health or welfare” (emphasis added).

China has struggled for years to control its air pollution problems, which are primarily caused by the burning of coal in factories and power plants, as well as vehicle use.

Eckel and her team of researchers looked at lung cancer data from over 350,000 patients in the California Cancer Registry who were diagnosed with lung cancer between 1988-2009. From the extensive and detailed dataset, the team assigned air pollution exposure levels based on the average exposure at the patient’s residence at diagnosis.

Given the generally accepted scientific consensus that even very low levels of exposure to environmental pollution increases the risk of cancer, the IARC findings suggest that reductions in U.S. air pollution beyond levels set as “safe” for individual pollutants, especially for particulate matter and transportation-related pollutants that were the focus of many of the reviewed studies, would provide additional public health benefits in avoided lung cancers.

In April, Greenpeace reported that, of 360 cities in China, less than 10 percent had successfully met national air quality standards in the first quarter of 2015.

Lung Cancer Causes – Radon Gas

Lung Cancer Causes – Radon Gas

Radon is known to accumulate in closed spaces. An increased level is seen in underground rock mines, especially those containing uranium. This concentration is mainly caused by gas entering directly from the ore, but radon can also be brought into the mine when it is dissolved in water. For indoor radon, diffusion from subsoil remains the most important source. Other additional, less significant sources include building materials and radon dissolved in water. Within the structure of a building, radon concentrations are highest in the basement, due to the proximity to the subsoil.4People residing near uranium mines have a higher radon exposure. Indoor radon levels vary throughout the United States, depending on local conditions.

Exposure to radon gas is considered to be the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. Although radon occurs naturally in an outdoor environment, concentrated levels of the gas associated with uranium deposits can be harmful. In particular, people that live or work in an environment that is contaminated with a high concentration of radon have been linked to a risk of lung cancer.

Radon is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer, causing 12% of lung cancer deaths.Radon is a gas found in soil that can leak under building through gaps in the foundation or insulation. Radon is in 1 out of every 15 homes in Illinois. Smoking and radon exposure together greatly increases your risk.

Radon, a colourless and odourless gas emitted through soil, is believed to be responsible for 16 per cent of lung cancer deaths in the country each year, making it the second-leading cause of lung cancer fatalities after tobacco use, says the Canadian Cancer Society. It's estimated that 3,000 Canadians die from lung cancer caused by radon annually.

Researchers have focused on the relationship between lung cancer risk and residential radon exposure and its effects. Comparisons of radon gas levels have been made between homes where residents have and have not developed lung cancer.

Radon exposure increases your risk of developing lung cancer. It is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking.

Your risk of cancer depends on several factors:

• the level of radon in your house
• how long you are exposed
• whether you smoke (exposure to radon and tobacco use together can significantly increase your risk of lung cancer)
  
  

Radon is classified as a human carcinogen by various US agencies, including the National Toxicology Program (NTP), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). In addition to the scientific evidence described above, there is strong epidemiologic evidence to support the causal association between radon and lung cancer. The initial evidence emerged from the observation that many underground miners died of lung cancer. This finding led to the detailed study of various cohorts in miners across many countries, including Czechoslovakia, France, Australia, the United States, Canada, Sweden, and China. Although most of these were in uranium mines, the studies from the last 3 countries involved other metal mines. An increased risk of lung cancer from radon exposure was demonstrated among these cohorts. The relative risk (RR) was found to be time-dependent, and decreased when more time had elapsed since last exposure. Long-term exposure yielded a greater risk than did short-term exposure, irrespective of the rate of exposure. Data from these miner studies led to an interest in the risks associated with indoor radon exposure, and triggered a number of case-control studies that evaluated residential radon exposure. These studies enrolled people from the general population who had been exposed to indoor radon, and compared patients with lung cancer to lung cancer–free controls. 

 

Yet a national survey commissioned by the society found that only one in three respondents was aware of health issues concerning radon gas, while about the same proportion knew the radioactive gas could be "very harmful." About one-quarter of the 1,238 respondents had no idea it posed a health risk at all.

Research led by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences studied residential radon gas exposure among women (413 with lung cancer and 614 without lung cancer) that lived in their homes for at least 20 years. Data was recorded concerning various factors such as radon gas level measurement in the participants’ homes, information about the homes, and observation of lung cancer tissues. The outcome of this study indicated a link between lung cancer incidence and high rates of continuous radon gas exposure. Other research has been conducted throughout the United States and other regions of the world. The majority of research likewise shows a relationship between residential radon gas exposure and high incidence of lung cancer; although there are cases where there have been inconsistencies in some studies. Discrepancies may be due to variations in radon level in different homes, difficulty in radon gas measurements over long periods of time, and varying sizes of groups that participate in studies.

If the radon level in your home is above the Canadian guideline of 200 becquerels/metre³, you need to reduce it. The higher the radon level in your home, the sooner it needs to be reduced.

More accurate ways to measure radon gas exposure are being developed. Researchers used a new method for measuring indoor radon gas levels during a study conducted in Sweden in 2002. Scientists used objects (i.e. glass, mirror, etc.) that had remained present in a home for an extended period of time (15 or 20 years) to measure radon levels. This and earlier methods of radon gas measurement have shown a relationship between long-term, high level radon gas exposure and lung cancer.

One of these solutions is a commonly-used method known as sub-slab depressurization. A pipe is installed through the foundation floor and is piped to the outside with a small fan attached, which draws the radon from under the house and pushes it back outside, before it can enter your home. This solution can reduce the radon level in a home by more than 90%.